Causes of landsliding pdf

It is important to determine the causes of landslide in a given a rea, as this will help in understanding the mechanism of the landslide and also the factors, which a. The mangawhero valley was the area most damaged by landsliding, the whangaehu, turakina, and pohangina valleys were also badly affected. Causes, types and effects mass movements in adriatic central italy. Download pdf landslidingingreatbritain free online. Slope instability is potentially the most dangerous and damaging geological hazard threatening residents of hillside areas. The relationship between mass movements and tectonic lineaments is investigated in the pliocene sand and clay terrains of montepulciano central italy. The impact, causes and management of landsliding at luccombe village, isle of wight r. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important.

The impact, causes and management of landsliding at. Although the causes of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common. Landslide definition of landslide by merriamwebster. A landslide refers to any form of mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other debris downhill assisted by gravity. Causes include factors that increase the effects of downslope forces and factors that contribute to low or reduced strength. Relationships between these timescales guide development of a. Landslides occur when gravitational and other types of shear stresses within a slope exceed the shear strength resistance to shearing of the materials that form the slope. Relationships developed from the study indicate that the minimum magnitude for earthquakeinduced landsliding eil in n. Landslide causes and triggering mechanisms d8lovosice. Slope instability is potentially the most dangerous and. Almost all of the known deaths due to landslides have occurred when rockfalls or other slides along highways have involved vehicles. A landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock typically to a depth from few decimeters to some meters is called a shallow landslide. Apr 10, 2019 mass wasting, sometimes called mass movement, is the downward movement by gravity of rock, regolith loose, weathered rock andor soil on the sloped top layers of the earths surface.

Apr 10, 2019 water can trigger landslides and mudslides because it alters the pressure within the slope, which leads to slope instability. Analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the. Both years were preceded by successive years with abovenormal precipitation. Landslides in pennsylvania introduction landsliding is a natural geologic process involving the movement of earth materials down a slope. It is usually more difficult to assess the importance of possible human influences than to determine the geologic and climatic causes of landsliding. Landslide, also called landslip, the movement downslope of a mass of rock, debris, earth, or soil soil being a mixture of earth and debris. Landslide triggering by rain infiltration richard m. Introduction a severe storm on 1517 february 2004 caused widespread landsliding over about 16,000 km2 of the southern north island, affecting large areas of the wanganuimanawatu and eastern wairarapa hill country, and the greater wellington area hancox, 2004. But by adopting certain precautionary measures impact can be minimized. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. In muzaffarabad, mostly, people live on the fragile mountain slopes, and therefore, they are highly vulnerable. Landslide hazards, risks, and disasters makes a close and detailed examination of major mass movements and provides measures for more thorough and accurate monitoring, prediction, preparedness, and prevention.

Longterm climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability. Analysis of landsliding caused by the 1517 february 2004 rainstorm in the wanganuimanawatu hill country, southern north island, new zealand. In sand and clay soils, a small amount of water may increase stability. As such, it helps shape the landscape of pennsylvania figure 1. Physical causes and consequences safety factor fs, which is defined as the ratio of resisting forces 5 to the driving forces 1 i. Oct 04, 2018 causes of landslides include earthquakes, deforestation, and erosion. The severity of damage depends on the affected populations resilience. Causes, mechanisms and prediction of landsliding in seattle. The landslide causes and triggers listed in table 2.

Tidal or river drawdown rapid lowering of water level in coastal areas. Natural factors there are a number of natural factors that can cause slope failure. These equations work rather well for earthquakes, but are less easy to apply to landslides, which are es sentially polycausal phenomena. Slope movement occurs when forces acting downslope mainly due to gravity exceed the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope.

Landslides occurring as single large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from mountain ranges to coastal cliffs or even underwater, in. Slope failures have caused millions of dollars worth of damage in the san francisco bay area alone. Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. Fortunately, deaths and injuries due to landslides are rare in pennsylvania. Causes, effects and types of landslides earth eclipse. Tectonic causes of landslides alexander 1993 earth. Download landslidingingreatbritain ebook pdf or read online. Human factors that may have contributed to landsliding were recognized in over 80 percent of the landslides of 19711972. Landsliding in response to rainfall involves physical processes that operate on disparate timescales. This study describes and compares the terrain characteristics topography, vegetation cover, rocks, soils, slope angle, slope height and slope.

Perhaps the most common trigger of a landslide, water reduces the friction between the bedrock and the overlying sediment, and gravity sends the debris sliding downhill. Landslides are a type of mass wasting, which denotes any downslope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The landslide problem the national academies press. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time. These factors are classified as natural factors flood, scour, earthquake, landslide, wind, etc. The term landslide encompasses five modes of slope movement.

This effect can occur in the form of intense rainfall, snowmelt, changes in groundwater levels, and waterlevel changes along coastlines, earth dams. Landslide hazards, risks, and disasters sciencedirect. The origins and causes of landslides bright hub engineering. Geologically, the kashmir himalaya is the young and most dynamic system in the world. Download pdf landslidingingreatbritain free online new. They usually include debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cutslopes. Chapter 3 physical causes and consequences for landslide ecology. Consequently, the heavy waterladen slope materials soil, rock, etc. Slope stability engineering developments and applications the impact, causes and management of landsliding at luccombe village, isle of wight open pdf. Causes of largescale landslides in the lesser himalaya of central nepal.

Landslide definition is the usually rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope. Longman geotechnical investigation and assessment of potential building damage arising from ground movements. Conceptual equations are presented for the net benefits, total risk, and total vulnerability associated with hazard zone occupation. A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Landsliding and flooding are closely allied because both are related to precipitation, runoff, and the saturation of ground by water. Some of these, such as longterm or cyclic climate changes, are not discernible without instrumentation andor longterm recordkeeping. In muzaffarabad, mostly, people live on the fragile mountain slopes, and therefore. Human influences included the diversion of water onto slopes, the steepening of slopes by excavation, the placing of fill on slopes, and the failure of retaining walls. While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, humaninduced changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge. Windgenerated waves storm waves in coastal areas are known to trigger underwater landsliding in deltas by cyclically loading weak bottom sediments. The term landslide is used to describe a wide variety of processes that result in the perceptible downward and outward movement of soil, rock, and vegetation under gravitational influence. Debris flow can cause flooding by blocking valleys and stream channels, forcing large amounts of water to backup.

The term landslide is used to describe a wide variety of processes that result in the percept ible downward and outward movement of soil, rock. It is important to determine the causes of landslide in a given a rea, as this will help in understanding the mechanism of the landslide and also the factors, which a re influencing the slope failure. A landslide basically is a mix of several geological processes consisting of the ground movements, including failure of slopes and rocks falling. Landslides cause damage to transportation routes, utilities, and buildings, and create travel delays and other side effects. Abstractunderstanding the causes of slope development, particularly the initiation of movement, requires knowledge of a set of factors, usually associated with groundwater, that are often difficult to determine. The term landslide or less frequently, landslip, refers to several forms of mass wasting that include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deepseated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. Chapter 3 physical causes and consequences for landslide. The reasons for poor or nonexistent landuse policies that minimize the perceived or actual danger and damage potential from geologic hazards are many and. This article deals with the analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the kashmir himalayas of pakistan. It is a significant part of the process of erosion because it moves material from high elevations to lower elevations. The effects of landsliding and mitigation measures 14 suitable for application to the geology of both sites. Landslide causes and triggering mechanisms highland, l. The slope is stable at this interface if the driving forces are less than or equal to the resisting forces i.

The present study is based on muzaffarabad, which lies in the lesser himalayas. Landslides are major natural disaster which frequently occur in central himalayan region chr and affect life of human as well as animals, damage agriculture and impedes progress. The mam tor landslide, geology and mining legacy around. The morphology, or structure of the land itself, along with erosion, can cause the land to. Acknowledgements this report benefited from discussions with a large number of geologists, engineers. The causes, effects and mitigation strategies relating to. In addition, debris flows and mudflows usually occur in small, steep stream channels and often are mistaken for floods.

Diversion of water onto and into a slope was the most common human factor, noted in more than 40 percent of the landslides. Download landslidingingreatbritain ebook pdf or read online books in pdf, epub. Landslides and water slope saturation by water is a primary cause of landslides. However, when the driving forces exceed the resisting. Landsliding not only causes damage to manmade structures, but also impairs the usefulness of the land itself. Causes and types of landslides what is a landslide. A landslide happens when soil, debris, and rock move down a slope, which can be either fast or very slow. In salt lake city, the seven years between 1980 and 1986 all had abovenormal precipitation, and. It is shown that, as they are polycausal phenomena, landslides require a more sophisticated approach to this form of analysis than that employed for most other forms of hazard. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Martin stokes, school of geography, earth and environmental sciences, plymouth university, drakes circus, plymouth, pl4 8aa abstract this comprehensive report conveys the nature, characteristics and causes of. Landslide hazard information causes, pictures, definition. There are numerous factors that cause landslides that should be deliberated thoroughly for the region concerned, and appropriate remedial measures, like slope stabilization, should be taken accordingly for the protection.

The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. Coastal erosion can be defined as the removal of material from the coast by wave action, tidal currents andor the activities of man, typically causing a landward retreat of the. This report is intending to discuss some problems related to landslide causes and landslide remedial measures as resulted from the work of unesco wpwli working group on causes of landslides and iugs wgl commission on landslide remediation in the framework of the united nations international decade for natural disaster reduction 19902000. It takes a geoscientific approach to the topic while also discussing the impacts humaninduced causes such as deforestation, blasting. Landsliding on the south east coast of the isle of wight. The effects of landsliding and mitigation measures 14. Utah geological survey survey notes volume 32 number 2. Youve likely seen this when building a sand castle or working with clay. The landslide handbook a guide to understanding landslides.